When I was a young warthog, we started indoors and that was always done in a bedroom closet, with mylar blankets and hardware store fluorescents overhead.
And you still do that, but...
Now a'days you can also grab a grow tent for <$100, and a full indoor rig with lights and ventilation for <$300. I'll cover the bare essentials for indoor growing below.
Grow tent
Start here. Grow tents are light-proof fabric greenhouses with reflective interiors, and they come in all shapes and sizes. Beyond wanting monster plants, think realistically about where the tent will fit. Can't be too hot or too cold. You'll need frequent access, and need lots of water.
Vivosun, gorilla grow and hydro crunch are a few great brands.
Lights
You can get all sorts of lights, and it's easy to get overwhelmed here. My advice is start small, and if you really get into, invest big.
You can get cheap vivosun lights on Amazon for $130, or near commercial quality for $1000 or more. A really really good never need more for home growing can be $400-$500.
LED lights are legit, ignore people that say they can't match metal halide bulbs, that's outdated thinking.
Make sure to buy an automatic timer.
Vents & filters
You absolutely need a vent and carbon filter. The vent keeps fresh CO2 coming in, and the filler prevents your house smelling like a college dorm.
Pick up a set for about $100-$130 on Amazon.
Pots
Go with cloth pots, the 5 gallon are pretty typical. Cloth pots encourage the roots to "self prune" pushing them deeper rather than just wrapping the outside. They also drain better and allow more oxygen to roots, which is critical for healthy plants.
Soil or Hydro?
The important thing is you have a choice. You can have fully organic (living) soil indoors, go full cycled-hydroponics, or somewhere in between with mediums like coco coir and rockwool.
For getting started I recommend just grabbing a bag of Fox Farm Ocean Forest or similar premixed potting soil with perlite and you should be golden for a single use. Then you can explore organic or mineral fertilizers and other mediums.
https://www.royalqueenseeds.com/blog-what-is-the-best-growing-medium-for-cannabis-n1302